What Is Oral Herpes?

Oral herpes, commonly referred to as cold sores or fever blisters, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types of HSV: HSV-1, which typically causes oral herpes, and HSV-2, which is the primary cause of genital herpes. However, both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can infect the oral or genital area.

Herpes is a widespread infection, with over 50% of the adult population in the United States having oral herpes. The virus can lie dormant in the body for years, only to reactivate and cause periodic outbreaks of sores or blisters on or around the mouth.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of oral herpes include:

• Small, painful blisters or sores on the lips, gums, tongue, or inside the mouth
• Tingling, burning, or itching sensation prior to the appearance of blisters
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Difficulty eating or drinking due to pain

In some cases, individuals may have oral herpes without experiencing any noticeable symptoms. These asymptomatic cases can still result in the virus being transmitted to others.

How Oral Herpes Spreads

Oral herpes is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with the virus. The most common modes of transmission include:

• Kissing or sharing utensils, cups, or other items with someone who has an active cold sore
• Performing or receiving oral sex from someone with either oral or genital herpes
• Touching a cold sore and then touching your own mouth, eyes, or other areas

The virus can also be spread through asymptomatic shedding, where the virus is present on the skin's surface without any visible sores or blisters.

Risks Factors and Complications

While oral herpes is usually a mild and manageable condition, it can lead to more serious complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Potential complications include:

• Dehydration, particularly in young children, due to difficulty eating or drinking
• Skin infections if the sores come into contact with broken skin
• Herpetic whitlow, causing painful sores and blisters on the fingers
• Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, leading to swelling and irritation of the eye area

Testing and Treatment

In addition to blood tests, healthcare providers may also perform a viral culture or PCR test, where a sample is taken from an active sore to detect the presence of the virus.

While there is no cure for herpes, antiviral medications can help manage outbreaks and reduce the risk of transmission. Treatment options include:

• Topical antiviral creams or ointments
• Oral antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, famciclovir, or valacyclovir
• Pain relievers and numbing agents to alleviate symptoms

In addition, practicing good hygiene, avoiding contact with active sores, and using barrier protection during sexual activity can help prevent the spread of oral herpes.

References:

1. ASHA. "Herpes: Fast Facts." www.ashasexualhealth.org/herpes/.
2. NHS Inform. "Cold Sore." www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mouth/cold-sore.