What Is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. While it is usually a short-term illness, hepatitis A can cause severe symptoms and even liver failure in some cases. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease and is not a lifelong infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hepatitis A typically appear 2-7 weeks after exposure and can include:

• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Dark urine
• Joint pain

However, many people with hepatitis A, especially children, have no symptoms at all but can still spread the virus to others.

How is Hepatitis A Spread?

Hepatitis A is primarily spread through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through close personal/sexual contact with an infected person. The virus is found in the stool of infected individuals and can be passed on even before symptoms appear.

Risks and Complications

While most people recover fully from hepatitis A, it can occasionally cause severe liver damage and even liver failure, especially in the elderly or those with pre-existing liver disease. Hepatitis A infection during pregnancy may also increase the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Other key risk factors for hepatitis A include:

• Travel to countries where hepatitis A is common
• Use of recreational drugs
• Men who have sex with men
• Close contact with someone who has hepatitis A
• Homelessness or unstable housing

Testing and Treatment

Hepatitis A is diagnosed with a blood test that detects the presence of antibodies. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A - the focus is on managing symptoms and allowing the body to clear the virus on its own. However, getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent hepatitis A infection.

The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children, as well as adults at increased risk, such as travelers, men who have sex with men, and people with chronic liver disease. A single dose of the vaccine can provide protection if given within 2 weeks of exposure.

If you are concerned about hepatitis A exposure, contact your healthcare provider right away. They can determine if vaccination or other preventive measures are needed.

References:

1. CDC. "Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for the Public." https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/
2. Mayo Clinic. "Hepatitis A." https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007